% OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
% LaTeX2e class file (modified style file)
% Name: TEXTBK2.CLS
% Last updated: November 1994
% Version number: 2.0
% Copyright Oxford University Press 1994
% Authors: Ian Hall and Richard Preston
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{textbk2}
	      [1994/07/13 v1.2u
 OUP LaTeX Textbk2 class]
\RequirePackage{latexsym}
%\typeout{Using TEXTBK2.sty Version 2.0 <1 November 1994>}
%
% Error message
\def\@texterr#1%
{\errhelp{This is a standard LaTeX command,
	but it isn't suitable in this style.
	^^JTry pressing return, and it'll probably be ignored.}%
    \typeout{Style error. \space See `Typesetting your book using LaTeX'.}%
    \errmessage{#1}}
% **************************************
% Page dimensions, Lineskips, Type sizes
% **************************************
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\lineskip 1pt \normallineskip 1pt
\def\baselinestretch{1}

\@twosidetrue
\@mparswitchtrue

\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}

\renewcommand\normalsize{%
   \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt
   \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
   \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
   \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
   \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
   \let\@listi\@listI}
\newcommand\small{%
   \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{10}%
   \abovedisplayskip 11pt minus3pt
   \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
   \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2pt
   \belowdisplayshortskip 4pt plus2pt minus1pt
	\def\@listi{\parsep 4.5pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
		\itemsep \parsep
	  \topsep 4pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}%
}
\newcommand\footnotesize{%
   \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9}%
	\abovedisplayskip 6pt minus3pt
	  \belowdisplayskip\abovedisplayskip
	\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus1pt
	\belowdisplayshortskip 3pt plus2pt minus2pt
	  \def\@listi{\topsep 6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
		    \parsep 3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt\itemsep \parsep}
}
\def\scriptsize{\@setsize\scriptsize{9.5pt}\viiipt\@viiipt}
\def\tiny{\@setsize\tiny{7pt}\vipt\@vipt}
\def\large{\@setsize\large{14pt}\xiipt\@xiipt}
\def\Large{\@setsize\Large{16pt}\xivpt\@xivpt}    
\def\LARGE{\@setsize\LARGE{20pt}\xviipt\@xviipt}
\def\huge{\@setsize\huge{22pt}\xxpt\@xxpt}
\def\Huge{\@setsize\Huge{30pt}\xxvpt\@xxvpt}
\normalfont
\def\em{\bold} \def\it{\sl}
% Additional fonts
\font\achapsans=cmssbx10 scaled\magstep5%    chapter headings
\font\aheadsans=cmssbx10 scaled\magstep1%    section headings
\font\itbold=cmbxti10%
\font\rhfont=cmssi9%              running heads
\font\sansbold=cmssbx10%           page numbers
\font\bold=cmb10%              bold type for emphasis

% *******************************************
\oddsidemargin 5.25pc \evensidemargin 5.25pc 
\marginparwidth 49mm \marginparsep 4mm 
\topmargin 27pt \headheight 8pt 
\headsep 18pt \footskip 30pt \topskip 10pt
\if@compatibility
  \textheight = 43\baselineskip
\else
  \textheight = 53\baselineskip
\fi
\advance\textheight by \topskip
\textwidth 27pc \columnsep 2 pc \columnseprule 0pt
\@settopoint\textwidth
\def\chapterstrut{\hrule width0pt height24pt depth0pt}
\def\afterchapstrut{\hrule width0pt height18pt depth0pt}
% Use narrower textwidth for `Proposition' environment
% Otherwise it won't fit in the narrow column
\footnotesep 8.4pt 
\skip\footins 10.8pt plus 4pt minus 2pt 
\marginparpush 7pt 
\parskip 0pt% No stretching between paragraphs 
\parindent 1.5em \partopsep 3pt plus 2pt minus 2pt 
\@lowpenalty 51 \@medpenalty 151 \@highpenalty 301 
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty 
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty 
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty 
\clubpenalty 9999 \widowpenalty 9999
\displaywidowpenalty 1500 \predisplaypenalty 500
\postdisplaypenalty 500 \interlinepenalty 0
\brokenpenalty 2000

% ********************
% The author's options
% ********************
\def\@ptsize{0}
\@namedef{ds@11pt}{\@texterr{Only 10 point is available}}
\@namedef{ds@12pt}{\@texterr{Only 10 point is available}}
\def\ds@twoside{}
\def\ds@draft{\overfullrule 5pt}
\@options
\relax

% *******************
% Sectioning commands
% *******************
% Counters
\newcounter {part}
\newcounter {chapter}
\newcounter {section}[chapter]
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]

% Form of the numbers
\def\thepart{\Roman{part}}
\def\thechapter{\arabic{chapter}}
\def\thesection {\thechapter.\arabic{section}}
\def\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}}
\def\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\def\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
\def\@chapapp{Chapter}

% Section macros
% Redefine @sect to read long section name to
% toc file when an optional short heading is
% used for running heads
\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
     \def\@svsec{}\else 
     \refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname\hskip 1em }\fi
     \@tempskipa #5\relax
      \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ 
	\begingroup #6\relax
	    \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par}
	\endgroup
       \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline
	 {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
		      \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
		    #7}\else
	\def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\@svsec #8\csname #1mark\endcsname
		      {#7}\addcontentsline
			   {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
			     \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
		       #8}}\fi%#7 used in latex.tex, changed to #8
     \@xsect{#5}}
%
%
\def\part{\cleardoublepage
    \thispagestyle{empty}
    \if@twocolumn \onecolumn
    \@tempswatrue
    \else \@tempswafalse
    \fi
    \secdef\@part\@spart}
\def\@part[#1]#2{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2 \relax
    \refstepcounter{part}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{Part\ \thepart\quad #1}\else
    \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}\fi
    \markboth{}{}
    \null\chapterstrut
    {\raggedright
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2 \relax
    \Huge \bf Part \thepart \par
    \addvspace{20pt} \fi
    \huge #2 \par
    }
    \@endpart}
\def\@spart#1{{\raggedright
    \null\chapterstrut\huge #1\par} \@endpart}
\def\@endpart{\vfil\newpage
    \if@twoside
    \null
    \thispagestyle{empty}
    \newpage
    \fi
    \if@tempswa
    \twocolumn
    \fi}
\def\chapter{\clearpage
    \thispagestyle{empty}
    \global\@topnum\z@
    \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}
\def\@chapter[#1]#2{%
    \@ifnextchar[{\@chapteropt[#1]{#2}}{\@chapternoopt[#1]{#2}}}
\def\@chapteropt[#1]#2[#3]{%
    \setcounter{chapter}{#3}%
    \edef\@currentlabel{\p@chapter\thechapter}
    \@chapterboth[#1]{#2}}
\def\@chapternoopt[#1]#2{%
    \refstepcounter{chapter}%
    \@chapterboth[#1]{#2}}
\def\@chapterboth[#1]#2{%
    \typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.\space #2}
    \chaptermark{#1}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}#1}
    {\null\chapterstrut
     \noindent
     \Huge \bf\thechapter\par\afterchapstrut
     \raggedright  \huge \achapsans #2\par \afterchapstrut
    }
    \hrule depth .5pt
    \chapterstrut
    \@afterheading}
% Chapter * command can be used on a twocolumn page 
%
\def\@schapter#1{%
    \chaptermark{#1}
    \typeout{#1}
    {\raggedright
       \null\chapterstrut
       \huge \achapsans #1\afterchapstrut
    }
    \hrule depth .5pt
    \chapterstrut
    \@afterheading}
\def\section{\@ifstar{\@sectionstar}{\@sectionnostar}}
\def\@sectionnostar{\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionopt}{\@sectionnoopt}}
\def\@sectionopt[#1]#2{%
    \sectionmark{#1}
    \@startsection
    {section}{1}{\z@}{-12pt plus -1ex minus -3pt}{4pt minus 2pt}
    {\aheadsans}[#1]{\aheadsans #2}
    \typeout{\thesection.\space #2}}
\def\@sectionnoopt#1{%
    \@startsection
    {section}{1}{\z@}{-12pt plus -1ex minus -3pt}{4pt minus 2pt}
    {\aheadsans}[#1]{\aheadsans #1}
    \typeout{\thesection.\space #1}}
\def\@sectionstar{%
    \@startsection
    {section}{1}{\z@}{-12pt plus -1ex minus -3pt}{4pt minus 2pt}{\aheadsans}*}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}
    {-9pt minus -2pt}{4pt minus 2pt}{\bfseries}}
\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}
    {-9pt minus -2pt}{4pt minus 2pt}{\reset@font\sl}}
\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}
    {6pt minus 2pt}{-1em}{\reset@font\bfseries}}
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{4}{\parindent}
    {6pt minus 2pt}{-1em}{\reset@font\bfseries}}

\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}

% Running headlines
\mark{{}{}}
\def\@leftmark#1#2{#1}
\def\@rightmark#1#2{#2}
\def\ps@headings
    {\let\@mkboth\markboth
     \def\@oddfoot{}%
     \def\@evenfoot{}%
     \def\@evenhead{\sansbold\thepage
	 \quad{\rhfont\leftmark}\hfil\hbox{}}
     \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\hfil{\rhfont\rightmark}\quad
	 \sansbold\thepage}
     \def\chaptermark##1{\markboth{##1}{##1}}%
     \def\sectionmark##1{\markright{##1}}%
     \def\subsectionmark##1{}}
\def\ps@myheadings
    {\@texterr{The page style `myheadings' is not available}}
%
% Figures and tables
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
     \vskip 6pt
     \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\small\bf #1\enspace\rm #2}
     \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize \unhbox\@tempboxa\par \else
     \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil} 
     \fi}
\long\def\@tablecaption#1#2{
     \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\small\bf #1\enspace\rm #2}
     \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize \unhbox\@tempboxa\par \else \hbox
     to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil} 
     \fi\vskip 6pt}

\newbox\@tempboxb
\def\tableparts#1#2{% title, tabular environment
	\hbox to\linewidth{\hss\vbox{%
\setbox\@tempboxb\hbox{#2}\hsize\wd\@tempboxb 
\ifdim\hsize<3in \hsize=3in \relax \fi \linewidth=\hsize % some minimum width
#1\par
\hfil\box\@tempboxb\hfil
}\hss}}

\newcounter{figure}[chapter]
\def\thefigure{\thechapter.\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{Fig.\ \thefigure}
\def\figure{\@float{figure}}
\let\endfigure\end@float
\@namedef{figure*}{\@dblfloat{figure}}
\@namedef{endfigure*}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}[chapter]
\def\thetable{\thechapter.\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{Table \thetable}
\def\table{\let\@makecaption\@tablecaption
    \@float{table}}
\let\endtable\end@float
\@namedef{table*}{\@dblfloat{table}}
\@namedef{endtable*}{\end@dblfloat}

% Modifications to the equation environment
\@addtoreset{equation}{chapter}
\def\theequation{\thechapter.\arabic{equation}}
\arraycolsep 5pt \tabcolsep 6pt \arrayrulewidth .4pt \doublerulesep 2pt 
\tabbingsep \labelsep 

% Theorems, proofs, etc
\def\ex@mple{example}
\def\ex@rcise{exercise}
\def\theoremfont{\ifx\@currenvir\ex@mple
	\def\@thmfont{\rm} \else
	\ifx\@currenvir\ex@rcise
	\def\@thmfont{\rm} \else
	\def\@thmfont{\it}\fi\fi}
\@addtoreset{definition}{chapter}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[chapter]
\newtheorem{theorem}[definition]{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}[definition]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{example}[definition]{Example}
\newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}[chapter]
\newtheorem{proposition}[definition]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[definition]{Corollary}
\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\theoremfont \trivlist 
	\item[\hskip \labelsep{\bf #1\ #2}]\@thmfont}
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\theoremfont \trivlist
	\item[\hskip \labelsep{\bf #1\ #2.\ (#3)}]\@thmfont}
\def\endmark{\hskip 2em$\Box$\par}
\def\proof{\trivlist \item[\hskip \labelsep{\bf Proof\ }]}
\def\endproof{\null\hfill\endmark\endtrivlist}
\def\followon#1{\trivlist \item[\hskip \labelsep{\bf #1\ }]}
\def\endfollowon{\endtrivlist}
	
% List numbering and lettering
\def\labelenumi{{\rm\arabic{enumi}.}} 
\def\theenumi{\arabic{enumi}} 
\def\labelenumii{{\rm (\alph{enumii})}}
\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\def\p@enumii{\theenumi}
\def\labelenumiii{{\rm\roman{enumiii}.}}
\def\theenumiii{\roman{enumiii}}
\def\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
\def\labelenumiv{{\rm\Alph{enumiv}.}}
\def\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}} 
\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
\def\labelitemi{$\bullet$}
\def\labelitemii{$\ast$}
\def\labelitemiii{$\circ$}
\def\labelitemiv{\bf --}
\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep \bf #1}
\def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
    \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
\let\enddescription\endlist

\leftmargini 2.0em \leftmarginii 1.87em \leftmarginiii 1.7em 
\leftmarginiv 1em \leftmarginv 1em \leftmarginvi 1em
\leftmargin\leftmargini \labelsep .5em
\labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini \parsep\z@ \topsep 3pt plus .5pt
	\itemsep 1pt plus 0.5pt}
\let\@listi\@listI
\@listi 
\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
    \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
    \topsep 1pt plus .5pt
    \parsep \z@
    \itemsep .5pt}
\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
    \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
    \topsep \z@
    \parsep \z@ \partopsep 1pt plus 0pt minus 1pt
    \itemsep \topsep}
\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
    \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
    \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
    \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}

% Verse, quotation, and quote environments
\def\verse{\let\\=\@centercr 
    \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em\listparindent \itemindent 
    \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item[]}
\let\endverse\endlist
\def\quotation{\small\list{}{%
    \topsep 3pt
    \leftmargin 0pt
    \listparindent 1.5em
    \itemindent 0pt
    \rightmargin\leftmargin \parsep 0pt}\item[]}
\let\endquotation=\endlist
\def\quote{\small\list{}{%
    \topsep 3pt
    \leftmargin 0pt
    \parsep 0pt
    \rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]}
\let\endquote=\endlist

\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\fboxsep = 3pt \fboxrule = .4pt 

% Table of contents
\def\numberline#1{\hbox to\@tempdima{#1\hfil}}
% revised from latex.tex
\def\@pnumwidth{6em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
\def\tableofcontents{%
    \chapter*{Contents}
    \@starttoc{toc}}
\def\l@part#1#2{%
    \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}
    \addvspace{2.5ex}
    \begingroup
    \@tempdima 1.5em
    \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \leavevmode
    \hskip 1.25\@tempdima{\uppercase{#1}}\hfil\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss}\par
    \nobreak
    \global\@nobreaktrue
    \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}
    \endgroup}
\def\l@chapter#1#2{%
    \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}
    \addvspace{1.5ex}
    \@tempdima 1.5pc
    \begingroup
    \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \leavevmode
    {\bf #1}\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \penalty\@highpenalty
    \endgroup}
\def\l@section#1#2{%
    \addpenalty{\@secpenalty}
    \@tempdima 2pc
    \begingroup
    \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \normalfont \rm \leavevmode
    \advance\leftskip 1.75\@tempdima \hskip -\@tempdima
    #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection#1#2{%
    \addpenalty{\@secpenalty}
    \addvspace{\z@}
    \@tempdima 2.5pc
    \begingroup
    \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \normalfont \rm \leavevmode
    \advance\leftskip 2.4\@tempdima \hskip -1.02\@tempdima
    #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \endgroup}
\def\l@subsubsection#1#2{}
% Sub-sub-sections, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs
% not in contents list
% \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
% \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
% \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}

\def\listoffigures{\chapter*{List of figures
% \@mkboth{List of figures}{List of figures}
}\@starttoc{lof}}
%\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@figure#1#2{%
    \addpenalty{\@secpenalty}
    \addvspace{6pt plus 1pt}
    \@tempdima 2pc
    \begingroup
    \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \normalfont \rm \leavevmode
    \leftskip 4pc
    \hskip -2pc
    #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \endgroup}
\def\listoftables{\chapter*{List of tables}
    \@starttoc{lot}}
\let\l@table\l@figure

% Bibliography
\def\thebibliography#1{%
    \chapter*{Bibliography}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
    \bgroup\list{}{\settowidth\labelwidth{#1}
    \labelsep 1pc \advance\labelwidth\labelsep
    \leftmargin\labelwidth
    \itemindent -\leftmargin
    \itemsep \z@
    \def\bibitem{\item}}
    \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em}
    \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
    \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\def\endthebibliography{\endlist\egroup}
\def\@cite#1#2{\if@tempswa (#2)\fi} % #1 not printed at all!

% ***** 
% Index
% *****
\def\@outputdblcol{\if@firstcolumn \global\@firstcolumnfalse
    \global\setbox\@leftcolumn\box\@outputbox
    \else \global\@firstcolumntrue\global
    \setbox\@outputbox\vbox{\hbox to\textwidth{\hbox to\columnwidth
      {\box\@leftcolumn \hss}\hfil \vrule width\columnseprule\hfil
	\hbox to\columnwidth{\box\@outputbox \hss}}}
	\global\setbox\@outputbox\vbox
	{\boxmaxdepth\maxdepth
	\unvbox\@tempboxc \box\@outputbox}
       \@combinedblfloats
       \@outputpage \begingroup \@dblfloatplacement \@startdblcolumn
       \@whilesw\if@fcolmade \fi{\@outputpage\@startdblcolumn}\endgroup
    \fi}

\newif\if@restonecol
\newbox\@tempboxc
\def\theindex{\@restonecoltrue\if@twocolumn\@restonecolfalse\fi
 \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
	\columnseprule \z@
	\columnsep 35pt\twocolumn[
%       \setbox\@tempboxc
 \vbox{\hsize\textwidth%
	\chapter*{Index}%
	}]\@mkboth{Index}{Index}
	\parindent\z@
	\parskip\z@ plus .3pt\relax\let\item\idxitem}
\def\indexentry#1#2{\par\hangindent 40pt #1\quad #2}
\def\subindexentry#1#2{\par\hangindent 3em \hspace*{1em}#1\quad #2}
\def\subsubindexentry#1#2{\par\hangindent 3em \hspace*{2em}#1\quad #2}
\def\idxitem{\par\hangindent 40pt}
\def\subitem{\par\hangindent 40pt \hspace*{1em}}
\def\subsubitem{\par\hangindent 40pt \hspace*{2em}}
\def\endtheindex{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\def\indexspace{\par \vskip 10pt plus 5pt minus 3pt\relax}

% Footnotes
\@addtoreset{footnote}{chapter}
\def\footnoterule{\kern-3\p@ 
    \hrule width \z@
    \kern 2.6\p@} 

\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent 
     \hbox to 1.8em{\hss$^{\@thefnmark}$}#1}

% Floats
\floatsep 12pt
\textfloatsep 12pt
\intextsep 12pt
\dblfloatsep 0pt
\dbltextfloatsep 12pt
\@fptop 0pt plus 1fil 
\@fpsep 10pt plus 2fil 
\@fpbot 0pt plus 1fil 
\@dblfptop 0pt plus 1fil 
\@dblfpsep 10pt plus 2fil 
\@dblfpbot 0pt plus 1fil
\setcounter{topnumber}{2}
\def\topfraction{.9}
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2}
\def\bottomfraction{.9}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{3}
\def\textfraction{.1}
\def\floatpagefraction{.9}
\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2}
\def\dbltopfraction{.7}
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.5}

% Title page
\def\titlepage{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
    \else \newpage \fi \thispagestyle{empty}\c@page\z@}
\def\endtitlepage{\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi}

\def\maketitle{\par
    \begingroup
    \def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
    \def\@makefnmark{\hbox 
    to 0pt{$^{\@thefnmark}$\hss}} 
    \if@twocolumn 
    \twocolumn[\@maketitle] 
    \else \newpage
    \global\@topnum\z@ \@maketitle \fi\thispagestyle{plain}\@thanks
    \endgroup
    \setcounter{footnote}{0}
    \let\maketitle\relax
    \let\@maketitle\relax
    \gdef\@thanks{}\gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}\let\thanks\relax}
\def\@maketitle{\newpage
    \null
    \vskip 2em \begin{center}
    {\LARGE \@title \par} \vskip 1.5em {\large \lineskip .5em
\begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author 
   \end{tabular}\par} 
    \vskip 1em {\large \@date} \end{center}
    \par
    \vskip 1.5em} 
\def\abstract{\titlepage\null
\@makeschapterhead{Abstract}}
\def\endabstract{\par\vfil\null\endtitlepage}

% Date
% in day month year format
\def\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
    January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
    July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
    \space\number\year}

% Appendix
\newif\ifappend
\def\appendix{\par
    \setcounter{chapter}{0}
    \setcounter{section}{0}
    \setcounter{subsection}{0}
    \appendtrue
    \def\@chapapp{Appendix}
    \def\thechapter{\Alph{chapter}}}

\ps@headings 
\onecolumn
\frenchspacing

